Lineage tracking reveals dynamic relationships of T cells in colorectal cancer

T cells are key elements of cancer immunotherapy, but certain fundamental properties, such as development and migration of T cells within tumours, remain elusive. The enormous T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, which is required for recognising foreign and self-antigens, could serve as lineage tags to track these T cells in tumours. Here, we obtained transcriptomes of 11,138 single T cells from 12 patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and developed STARTRAC (single T-cell analysis by RNA-seq and TCR tracking) indices to quantitatively analyse dynamic relationships among 20 identified T cell subsets with distinct functions and clonalities. While both CD8+ effector and “exhausted” T cells exhibited high clonal expansion, they were independently connected with tumour-resident CD8+ effector memory cells, implicating a TCR-based fate decision. Of the CD4+ T cells, the majority of tumour-infiltrating Tregs showed clonal exclusivity, whereas certain Treg clones were developmentally linked to multiple TH clones. Notably, we identified two IFNG+ TH1-like clusters in tumours, the GZMK+ TEM and CXCL13+BHLHE40+ TH1-like clusters, which were associated with distinct IFN-γ-regulating transcription factors, EOMES/RUNX3 and BHLHE40, respectively. Only CXCL13+BHLHE40+ TH1-like cells were preferentially enriched in tumours of microsatellite-instable (MSI) patients, which might explain their favourable responses to immune-checkpoint blockade. Furthermore, IGFLR1 was highly expressed in both CXCL13+BHLHE40+ TH1-like and CD8+ exhausted T cells and possessed co-stimulatory functions. Our integrated STARTRAC analyses provide a powerful avenue to comprehensively dissect the T cell properties in CRC, which could provide new insights into the dynamic relationships of T cells in other cancers.

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结直肠癌(CRC)是我国常见的消化道恶性肿瘤,但是现今所针对结直肠癌的治疗方案,效果难以令人满意。近年研究报道基因组微卫星不稳定(MSI)/ 错配修复基因缺陷(dMMR)患者对免疫检验点抑制剂PD-1抗体敏感,极大增强了学界从免疫角度治疗CRC的信心。肿瘤浸润T淋巴细胞在肿瘤免疫治疗中发挥核心作用,也是PD-1抗体靶向的主要对象。而我们对肿瘤浸润T淋巴细胞在CRC中的分类和特征仍然缺乏了解,特别对于微卫星稳定(MSS)/ 微卫星不稳定(MSI)患者间的T细胞分子差异有待精细的刻画。

2018年10月29日,北京大学张泽民课题组联合美国安进公司(Amgen)欧阳文军团队和北京大学人民医院申占龙课题组在Nature杂志发表了题为“Lineage tracking reveals dynamic relationships of T cells in colorectal cancer”的研究论文,对来自12例结直肠癌初治患者外周血、癌组织及癌旁组织的大量T细胞进行了单细胞全长转录组测序和分析。为了系统性的描述结直肠癌相关T细胞的组织分布特性、克隆性、迁移性和状态转化,研究团队创造性开发了STARTRAC (Single T-cell Analysis by Rna-seq and Tcr TRACking)这一生物信息方法。利用T细胞受体(TCR)作为标签,研究团队发现肿瘤微环境和TCR共同影响了肿瘤浸润CD8 效应记忆T细胞(effector memory T cell)向耗竭性T细胞 (exhausted T cell)和效应T细胞(effector T cell)的转化,这一发现有助于我们理解肿瘤微环境中耗竭性T细胞的来源,并为逆转其状态提供新的思路。

CRC患者中,MSI/dMMR病人对免疫检查点抑制剂的治疗响应显著优于MSS病人。本研究首次从单细胞组学角度对其T细胞差异做出了高精度的比较分析。发现相比MSI病人,TH17细胞富集于MSS病人的肿瘤组织中;而高表达CXCL13的TH1-like细胞(高表达IFNG)在MSI病人中显著富集。这类细胞同时高表达转录因子BHLHE40,它不仅可以促进产生效应性的IFN-ɣ分子,还可以抑制产生抑制性的IL-10分子,提示CXCL13+TH1-like细胞可能影响到免疫检查点抑制剂的治疗效果。IGFLR1是在CXCL13+TH1-like的细胞上高表达的一类受体蛋白。本研究通过对IGFLR1及其配体IGFL3的体外实验证明,IGFLR1作为新发现的协同刺激因子,IGFLR1/IGFL3通路可能成为潜在的药物治疗靶点。

最后,研究团队还将CRC T细胞的数据与张泽民课题组之前发表的非小细胞肺癌和肝细胞癌的T细胞数据进行了比较分析。相比于肝癌和肺癌,CRC患者中更多地富集CD160高表达的上皮内淋巴细胞(Intraepithelial lymphocytes)以及TH17细胞,提示了器官区域免疫特征对不同器官肿瘤组织免疫特征的影响,并对解释同一免疫治疗在不同癌种上表现的差异给出了线索。

此项研究是迄今为止国际上对肿瘤微环境中T细胞最为深入新颖的工作。北京大学前沿交叉研究院博士后张雷,美国安进公司炎症与肿瘤部Yu Xin,北京大学前沿交叉研究院博士生郑良涛,生命科学学院博士生张园园为该论文并列第一作者。北京大学生命科学学院BIOPIC中心、北京未来基因诊断高精尖创新中心(ICG)、北大-清华生命科学联合中心张泽民教授,美国安进公司炎症与肿瘤部欧阳文军教授,以及北京大学人民医院胃肠外科申占龙教授为该论文的共同通讯作者。该研究得到北京未来基因诊断高精尖创新中心(ICG),国家重点研发计划,国家自然科学基金和美国Amgen公司的支持和资助。

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